Direct Digital Democracy :: Technology Government Papers

Direct Digital Democracy The focal inquiry of this paper is whether the ascent of the Internet †and, by and large, new interchanges innovation †adjusts â€Å"the cutoff points of the human limit with regards to self-government.† My response to this inquiry is no. Progressions in correspondences innovation, regardless of how huge or progressive they may from the outset appear, eventually have no essential impact on man’s exacting ability to administer himself. The Internet, similar to the TV, the phone, and the transoceanic message before that, all share one essential thing for all intents and purpose: each is an instrument and not a power of nature. Each must be understood, controlled and applied by an individual, utilizing his own sane workforce and as per his own gadgets. The innovation itself †albeit complex †is generally the same than the lance, the wheel, the stirrup, the flammable motor, or the space transport. Innovation doesn't change man’s principal nature, however it influences how well he lives, what he does, where he goes, and how rapidly he can arrive. Will the Internet change the American political framework? To be sure it will, and to an enormous degree as of now has, by encouraging crafted by current government authorities and agents inside our current arrangement of delegate majority rule government. Be that as it may, will the Internet upset drive the American arrangement of government toward direct advanced majority rules system †a â€Å"third transformation† as huge as the change from Athenian direct vote based system to American delegate vote based system? Most exact proof recommends it won't. Normatively, political researchers should hold James Madison’s see that the reason for government is to f orestall oppression of the larger part and to oblige underhanded. Subsequently, contemporary government officials ought to straightforwardly restrict measures that look to modify our current organizations with an end goal to make them increasingly helpful for direct majority rule government, regardless of whether advanced or not. This Madisonian perspective on government is neither the sole standard of government in contemporary American culture, nor is it the leader among contending political philosophies. I would contend that the folklore of progressivism or populism is acknowledged as just and loved by most normal Americans. In the 2002 Presidential Election, George W. Bramble vanquished Al Gore in the Electoral College vote, consequently winning the administration, yet lost the general famous American vote by a huge edge.

Minor capacity judgement Essay Example for Free

Minor limit judgment Essay Mohori Bibee and another Vs. Dharmodas Ghose Mohori Bibee and another Vs. Dharmodas Ghose Options Dock Print PDF Court : Kolkata Reported in : (1903)30IndianAppeals114 Judge : Lord Macnaghten; Lord Davey; Lord Lindley; Sir Ford North; Sir Andrew Scoble; Sir Andrew Wilson, JJ. Settled on : Mar-04-1903 Acts : Indian Evidence Act, 1877 Section 115; Indian Contract Act Sections 41, 19, 64, 65 Appellant : Mohori Bibee and another Respondent : Dharmodas Ghose Advocate for Respondent : W. W. Box, Adv. Supporter for Appellant : Watkins; Lempriere, Advs. Judgment: SIR FORD NORTH, J. On July 20, 1895, the respondent, Dhurmodas Ghose, executed a home loan for Brahmo Dutt, a cash bank carrying on business at Calcutta and somewhere else, to make sure about the reimbursement of Rs. 20,000 at 12 percent. enthusiasm on certain houses having a place with the respondent. The sum really progressed is in debate. Around then the respondent was a newborn child; and he didn't achieve twenty-one until the long stretch of September following. All through the exchange Brahmo Dutt was missing from Calcutta, and the entire business was helped through for him by his lawyer, Kedar Nath Mitter, the cash being found by Dedraj, the neighborhood director of Brahmo Dutt. While thinking about the proposed advance, Kedar Nath got data that the respondent was as yet a minor; and on July 15, 1895, the accompanying letter was composed and sent to him by Bhupendra Nath Bose, an attorney:†â€Å"Dear Sir,â€I am told by S. M. Jogendranundinee Dasi, the mother and gatekeeper selected by the High Court under its letters patent of the individual and property of Babu Dhurmodas Ghose, that a home loan of the properties of the said Babu Dhurmodas Ghose is being set up from your office. I am told to give you notice, which I thusly do, that the said Babu Dhurmodas Ghose is as yet a newborn child younger than twenty-one, and any one loaning cash to him will do as such at his own hazard and risk. † Kedar Nath decidedly precluded the receipt from securing any such letter; yet the Court of first occurrence and the Appellate Court both held that he did by and by get it on July 15; and the proof is convincing upon the point. On the day on which the home loan was executed, Kedar Nath got the newborn child to sign a long assertion, which, he had arranged for him, containing an explanation that he grew up on June 17; and that Babu Dedraj and Brahmo Dutt, depending on his confirmation that he had achieved his dominant part, had consented to progress to him Rs. 0,000. There is clashing proof concerning when and conditions under which that announcement was gotten; however it is superfluous to go into this, as the two Courts underneath have held that Kedar Nath didn't follow up on, and was not misdirected by, that announcement, and was completely mindful at the time the home loan was executed of the minority of the respondent. It might be included here that Kedar Nath was the lawyer and specialist of Brahmo Dutt, and says in his proof that he got the presentation for the more prominent security of his â€Å"client. † The baby had no different lawful guide. On September 10, 1895, the newborn child, by his mom and gatekeeper as next companion, initiated this activity against Brahmo Dutt, expressing that he was under age when he executed the home loan, and appealing to God for a statement that it was void and out of commission, and ought to be conveyed up to be dropped. The respondent, Brahmo Dutt, put in a safeguard that the offended party was of full age when he executed the home loan; that neither he nor Kedar Nath had any notification that the offended party was then a newborn child; that, regardless of whether he was a minor, the statement concerning his age was deceitfully made to misdirect the litigant, and disentitled the offended party to any help; and that regardless the Court ought not allow the offended party any alleviation without causing him to reimburse the funds progressed. By a further explanation the respondent claimed that the offended party had ubsequently approved the home loan; yet this case completely fizzled, and isn't the subject of bid. Jenkins J. , who managed in the Court of first case, found the realities as above expressed, and allowed the alleviation inquired. What's more, the Appellate Court excused the intrigue from him. In this manner to the organization of the current intrigue Brahmo Dutt kicked the bucket, and th is intrigue has been arraigned by his agents. The first of the appellants reasons on the side of the current intrigue is that the Courts beneath weren't right in holding that the information on Kedar Nath must be attributed to the litigant. As they would see it they were clearly right. The respondent was missing from Calcutta, and by and by didn't take any part in the exchange. It was altogether accountable for Kedar Nath, whose full position to go about as he did isn't contested. He remained in the spot of the respondent for the reasons for this home loan; and his demonstrations and information were the demonstrations and information on his head. It was battled that Dedraj, the respondents gomastha, was the genuine agent in Calcutta of the litigant, and that he had no information on the offended parties minority. In any case, there is nothing in this. He no uncertainty made the development out of the respondents reserves. In any case, he says in his proof that â€Å"Kedar Babu was following up for my lord from the earliest starting point in this matter†; and somewhat further on he includes that before the enrollment of the home loan he didn't speak with his lord regarding the matter of the minority. In any case, he knew that there was an inquiry raised concerning the offended parties age; and he says, â€Å"I left all issues with respect to the minority in the hands of Kedar Babu. † The appellants counsel fought that the offended party is estopped by s. 115 of the Indian Evidence Act (I. f 1872) from setting up that he was a baby when he executed the home loan. The segment is as per the following: â€Å"Estoppel. At the point when one individual has by his statement demonstration or oversight purposefully caused or allowed someone else to accept a thing to be valid, and to follow up on such conviction, neither he no r his delegate will be permitted in any suit or continuing among himself and such individual or his agent to preclude reality from securing that thing. † The Courts underneath appear to have concluded that this area doesn't have any significant bearing to babies; however their Lordships don't figure it important to manage that question now. They think of it as obvious that the segment doesn't have any significant bearing to a case like the present, where the announcement depended upon is made to an individual who knows the genuine realities and isn't deluded by the false articulation. There can be no estoppel where the reality of the situation is known to the two gatherings, and their Lordships hold, as per English specialists, that a bogus portrayal, made to an individual who realizes that it generally will be bogus, isn't such an extortion as to remove the benefit of earliest stages: Nelson v. Stocker. 0 a similar rule is perceived in the clarification to s. 19 of the Indian Contract Act, in which it is said that an extortion or distortion which didn't make the assent an agreement of the gathering on whom such misrepresentation was rehearsed, or to whom such deception was made, doesn't render an agreement voidable. The point generally squeezed, in any case, in the interest of the appellants was that the Courts should not to have announced in the respondents favor without requesting him to reimburse to the appellants the total of Rs. 0,500, said to have been paid to him as a component of the thought for the home loan. What's more, on the side of this dispute s. 64 of the Contract Act (IX. of 1872) was depended on:†â€Å"Sect. 64. At the point when an individual at whose alternative an agreement is voidable repeals it, the other party thereto need not play out any guarantee in that contained of which he is promisor. The gathering repealing a voidable agreement will, on the off chance that he have gotten any advantage thereunder from another gathering to such agreement, reestablish such advantage, so far as might be, to the individual from whom it was gotten.  Both Courts beneath held that they were limited by power to regard the agreements of babies as voidable just, and not void; however that this segment just alludes to contracts made by people able to contract, and in this way not to n ewborn children. The general current of choice in India absolutely is that since the time the death of the Indian Contract Act (IX, of 1872) the agreements of newborn children are voidable as it were. This end, notwithstanding, has not been shown up at without overwhelming fights by different adjudicators every now and then; nor to be sure without choices to the opposite impact. Under these conditions, their Lordships see themselves as at freedom to follow up on their own perspective on the law as announced by the Contract Act, and they have thought it option to have the case reargued before them upon this point. They don't think of it as important to look at in detail the various choices above alluded to, as they would see it the entire inquiry turns upon what is simply the genuine development of the Contract Act itself. It is important, accordingly, to consider cautiously the particulars of that Act; however before doing so it might be advantageous to allude to the Transfer of Property Act (IV of 1882), s. of which gives that each individual equipped to agreement and qualified for transferable property. . . . is skilled to move such property. . . . in the conditions, to the degree, and in the way permitted and endorsed by any law for the time get power. That is the Act under which the current home loan was made, and it is only managing people equipped to a greement; and s. 4 of that Act gives that the sections and segments of that Act which identify with contracts are to be taken as a feature of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. The current case, hence, falls inside the arrangements of the last Act. At that point, to go to the Contract Act, s. 2 gives: (e) Every guarantee and each arrangement of guarantees, shaping the thought for one another, is an understanding. (g) An understanding not enforceable by law I

3D Ping Pong Quantum Mechanics

3D Ping Pong Quantum Mechanics Imagine, if you will, the following situation You join a dense crowd of people filing through a set of double doors. You are flanked by people ushering you inside; the person nearest you hands you a pair of glasses to wear for the upcoming experience. You pass through another doorway and enter a room that has been engineered to optimize the rooms acoustics. From one lateral end to the other, all you can see are rows of chairs, broken only by two sets of stairs. As you go down toward the front of the room and find a seat, you hear a hushed anticipation that swells and grows increasingly palpable. You may have heard about the experience from your friends, and you just want to see what all the excitement is about. Or you may be entering into everything with an open mind and absolutely no assumptions. But judging by whats being projected on the massive screen, you can tell that itll be memorable. Now if you were to take a guess, what would you think I was describing? Watching Avatar in IMAX 3D? Nope, that was me talking about a special 5.111 lecture. And yes, you do get glasses. They look like this: Unfortunately, I was deliberately misleading with my title. Theyre not 3D glasses. They do, however, allow you to refract certain types of light to get not one rainbow or even double rainbows! but a few that appear in a star-like pattern and radiate from the light source. Its a phenomenon that is so epic, particularly in the context of a chemistry class, that no amount of astonished screaming or shaky cinematography can quite do justice to it. (Nor can any photography, apparently though to be honest, I had no idea whether putting the glasses over my phones camera lens would actually get the same result.) And in a previous lecture, we had this setup: Yes, thats a gold foil fashioned out of string, ping pong balls, and what looks to be a wooden frame. Our aim was to estimate the radius of the ping pong balls with the same calculations that Ernest Rutherford used when he shot alpha particles at a gold foil. Rutherford, of course, did it to get a clearer picture of atomic structure. As for this classwell, Im sure there was some learning done that day, but Id be willing to bet that most of the students walked out with that sort of satisfaction you can only get from throwing ping pong balls in a lecture hall. Its considered bad form to aim at your professor! Prof. Bawendi, shortly before the class threw a ton of ping pong balls.Ill admit it: if lectures explained scientific concepts using ping pong balls, Id probably be getting a lot more out of them. And honestly, thats pretty much the concept behind much of the learning at MIT: Mens et Manus, our schools motto, which means mind and hand. If learning the concepts in strictly theoretical terms isnt quite cutting it, then the professors, knowing this to be the case, will decide to throw in a few ping pong balls and illustrate the lesson that way. (Or do something else to imbue your theoretical, abstract learning with a lot more practical substance.) Its not just a chemistry thing, either. The physics department at MIT is notorious for their (Stuffed) Monkey and a Gun demo, which shows us all thatyou can hit falling stuffed animals with mini-cannons loaded with golf balls. We consider shooting stuffed monkeys a jolly ol pastime here at MIT.So if you were never a big fan of science before, you may find these interactive demos to be persuasive in changing your mind or, at least, in letting yourself think about subjects like chemistry and physics in a different light.

Morality and Flaws in the Society in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 793 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/13 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Huckleberry Finn Essay Did you like this example? In every day life, society affects the way a person thinks and act without them even being aware of it. This leads to the more human side of society being a huge influence on mentality, too. This can be both dangerous and toxic for a person considering the affects of it and authors often take this into account. This results in literature about how society affects the protagonist and everyone around them negatively. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain explores the flaws in the society and how it messes with the morality of the people within society. In the novel, the people seem to let fear get in the way of doing something hard, however when there is no fear the people seem to be eager to help out The novel states And there was the ferry boat full of people, floating along down. They was firing the cannon, trying to make the carcass come to the top (Twain 49). This is important because when Huck was in trouble, no one was willing to come save him. But when they had to search for him, there wasnt anything for the people to fear and everyone seemed to want to help look for Huck. The reader can see that the fear even applies to our modern society in some ways, too. Whenever people are confronted with the difficult or the scary, they usually turn the other way or step back because the believe they should not have to deal with it. Mark Twain could have been conveying this point through Hucks situation, too. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Morality and Flaws in the Society in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" essay for you Create order Secondly, Twain seems throughout the novel Twain seems to convey the point that Jim is not treated fairly by the society and the people around him, which makes the reader think about their morals on compassion for others. In the book says So theres a reward out for him- three hundred dollars (Page 76). By putting a bounty on Jim, they are not respecting him as his own free person. Instead, it showed that he was disrespected by everyone around him and that they did not view him as an equal. This is both uncompassionate and cruel towards Jim and no one should ever be treated this way. The second way he is treated unfairly is When Huck and Tom force Jim to do all of these tasks in order to escape, it shows that in that moment, Huck had forgotten that Jim had helped him through this whole Journey. People in modern society can be like this, too at times. Children can forget the kindness their parents show them on a regular basis and people can even forget the trouble and conflicts others have saved them from. People of the time might have read this and judged both Huck and Tom, but they forget that they can be like this too sometimes because the society we live in often forgets how to be compassionate to others. Next off, the society in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn seems to be controlled by lies and the people often do not think of the long-term consequences. When Pap is speaking in court book states Pap said hed been a man that had been misunderstood before and the judge said that he believed it (Twain 29). it leads the reader to think that the society believes lies very easily. This also majorly impacts Hucks life, too. It causes himself to fake his own death in-order to escape this awful man and get a better life of adventure. In reality-Huck is running away from the consequences of Paps lies and the life he would have to bear if he did not run away. Another instance of the lies came from Huck when he, the duke, and the dauphine pretended to be the sisters three uncles. This caused controversy for the family of the deceased father more than it helped them and it they did it out of selfish desires, too. Twain could have been writing about the issue of lying in his society at the time , because no matter what time-period a reader is in, lying is still a relevant problem. This could be a range from tiny white lies to huge impactful ones. Lies are still lies and people should think about the long-term consequences, no matter how small or big they are. The reason these points are important is because Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, seemed to have a underlying themes regarding the faults in society. First was the way he touched on fear in society that caused people to decide against action. The next was Twain touching on compassion in society using Jims character and situation. And lastly because of the lies that the society seemed to encourage and their consequences.

Childhood Obesity A Relatively New And Disturbing Term...

Childhood obesity is a relatively new and disturbing term. It is an extremely serious problem that many children in the United States face. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2014), approximately 12.7 million or seventeen percent of children and adolescents aged two to nineteen are considered to be obese (Childhood Obesity). This is an astronomical number and it is only continuing to rise. According to Schroeder et al. (2016), there is approximately an addition fifteen percent of children that are overweight (p. 309). The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2015), defines childhood obesity as a body mass index or â€Å"BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children and teens at the same age and sex† (Defining Childhood). This means that adolescents of the same age and sex are compared to one another in terms of their weight and height. Body mass index is calculated by â€Å"dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by the square of heigh t in meters† (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015, Defining Childhood). This is the basis for determining whether or not an adolescent individual is considered to be obese or not. Unfortunately, healthcare professionals are having to categorize more and more adolescents as obese when they are seen for health checkups. Childhood obesity is an extremely dangerous and troubling phenomenon. Obesity is becoming a more common term in our everyday language. According to The Campaign to End Obesity (2014), there areShow MoreRelatedMy Experience As Mexican American1490 Words   |  6 Pagespotatoes and fried foods. Have to admit, it has been difficult for me as an adult to accustom myself and family to healthy food choices. Beginning with diet and overall lifestyle. Having to except and avoid eating the foods I loved to eat in my childhood, is quite challenging. 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Are we seeing the end of â€Å"real food†? â€Å"What is a GMO?† asked Jeremy Seifert, creator of the documentary â€Å"GMO OMG†, to several ordinary, everyday consumers on theRead MoreSoc 727-the Theory of Demographic Transition and Its Applicability to Developing Countries5499 Words   |  22 Pagesthe DTT, most developed countries[-7] are already in stage four of the model, the majority of developing countries[-8] are in stage 2 or stage 3, and no country is currently still in stage 1. The theory has explained human population evolution relatively well in Europe and other highly developed countries. Many developing countries have moved into stage 3. The major exceptions are poor countries, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa (Nigeria, Benin, Mali, Niger amongst others) and some Middle Eastern[-9]Read MoreTrait Theory4213 Words   |  17 Pagespsychology, is an approach to the study of human personality. 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Character Analysis Of Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The...

In Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun, Beneatha Younger is the highly motivated, opinionated daughter of Lena Younger. As a black woman attending college with intentions of becoming a doctor, she is a trailblazer character whose goals stand out among the rest. With such independent desires and arduous goals to meet, Beneatha does not dwell on her romantic life. Her focus lies in her future, not the boys who court her. Beneatha is more than willing to consider the possibility of being single her entire life, seemingly unbothered when she poses the idea (Hansberry, 739). Beneatha believes in her ability to succeed in medical school because of her positive attitude, analytical opinions and wholesome values. Hansberry writes Beneatha as†¦show more content†¦Beneatha is fiercely independent and this shows when Walter mentions that Mama should support her through college with the money from the check. Beneatha does not want the money, she believes that no one else is entitled to it but Mama herself. She fully intends to go through medical school on her own, without needing Mama’s check to do it. This independence comes from her reliance on family support throughout her youth, now rebelling against the need for help because of her own desire to be independent and support herself. Besides her independence, Beneatha’s family views her excitement and good spirit as impulsive. For Beneatha, she wishes to learn to play the guitar and experiment with her different interests because she is motivated and wants to feel fulfilled (Hansberry, 738). From Ruth and Mama’s perspectives, it is simply flighty. It is a new expense, a new hobby for her to join just in time for her grow tired of and quit. Mama and Ruth mention her photography, horseback-riding and theatre, proving that Beneatha has clearly invested in several hobbies. Mama acts resentful of this history. However, Beneatha’s flighty behavior is exclusive to her interests. In all other areas of her life, Beneatha is methodical and takes her time when making decisions. Beneatha is somewhat analytical in her emotions regarding George Murchison (Hansberry, 738). While she isShow MoreRelatedEssay on Dreams Deferred in Hansberrys A Raising in the Sun1902 Words   |  8 Pagesambitious students must sacrifice another facet of their lives in order to achieve their academic goals. In A Raisin in the Sun, many of the characters must give up something important to them to achieve their own idea of success. Everybody has his or her own dreams. Although some people may have homogeneous aspirations, no two are exactly the same. 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For this analysis of the dreams and character of Beneatha Younger in Raisin, I would like to pull on another dreamy poem of Langston Hughes’ entitled â€Å"Dream Boogie.† Like all the characters in the play, Beneatha has dreams thatRead MoreThe Matriarchs of the House in A Raisin in the Sun by Loraine Hansberry814 Words   |  3 PagesIn A Raisin in the Sun by Loraine Hansberry, the three strong-willed women of the story have varying opinions, views, and beliefs on life. The story is set in the Southside of Chicago, Illinois. The Younger’s are an African-American family that has struggled to survive financially for many years. With a large injection of money from Mr. Young er’s death, the family struggles to make a unanimous decision on what they will use the 10,000 dollars for. 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Also, throughout the paper I willRead MoreCompare/Contrast Willy Loman (Death of a Salesman) and Walter Lee Younger (a Raisin in the Sun)2823 Words   |  12 Pagesthere are none. Characters Walter Lee Younger and Willy Loman are prime examples of this, both pinning their hopes on unattainable dreams to hide the feelings of failure. The theme o f illusion versus reality is present in both Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun and Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman through the portrayal of main characters Walter and Willy in their struggles for happiness and prosperity. Although the two characters have similar dreams, Walter, a dynamic character, breaks through

3 Places that I would like to Visit Essay Example For Students

3 Places that I would like to Visit Essay When I started working on this topic in the beginning I found it uninteresting, but when I started doing an extensive research, I found this topic more and more inviting. Doing a research on countries was fun and a worthy experience. Every country has its own enriching and unique experiences with diverse cultures and backgrounds. The countries that I found most interesting to me are Armenia, Iceland, and Latin America. The following paragraphs talks about the reasons why I found these countries fascinating. A wide range of climatic zones have been recorded within Armenia. Armenia is located in the southern Caucasus and is the smallest of the former Soviet republics. Its a land of rugged mountains and extinct volcanoes; its highest peak is Mount Aragats, which is 13,453 ft. 4,095 m. Armenia is acknowledged as one of the cradles of civilization. Numerous monuments and masterpieces of the Ancient era and Middle Ages can be found throughout the country. Due to harsh and cold weather conditions, I was amazed to read how they do farming. The Armenian winters are so cold that farmers would dig up the grape vines and foods to prevent their freezing in order to be replanted in the spring. The summers are long and warm and thus the harvests are plentiful. Vegetables such as squash, onions, tomatoes, garlic, cabbage, okra, green beans, peppers, cucumbers and eggplant are used quite broadly during the summer growing season. Armenians love vegetables and are very skilled at roasting them. The Armenians were the first Christians on earth and that had an impact on their diet because of their religious belief and their farming methods! The meat staple of the country is lamb and to a lesser amount, chicken and beef. No pork is used in the Armenian diet due to biblical belief that only animals that chewed their cud were to be eaten. It would be a very rare opportunity to go to a place like Armenia. There are many fascinating places to explore in Iceland. Iceland is an island of almost 40,000 square miles and lies midway between North America and continental Europe. It borders the Arctic Circle in the North and has a total land mass of 103,000 square kilometers. The average height is 500m above the sea level. The country does not get that cold. Of course there is ice in Iceland but the only ice you will find except in the wintertime is on the glaciers and ice-caps which cover only about 120f the total land mass and the air is as clean and fresh as can be. The weather in Iceland is however very unpredictable, it is common to have sunshine, rain and wind all on the same day. Ever since the last ice age, the largest lava flow that has occurred in Earth is at the end point of ÃÆ'Ã… ¾jÃÆ' ³rsÃÆ' ¡rhraun lava, located at ÃÆ' rborg in Iceland! The Drepstokkur hill, which is the birth-place of Bjarni HerjÃÆ' ³lfsson, who discovered America in 985 AD, is also situated in Arborg. It is believed that ghosts with the blue scarf are the only inhabitants in the Einholtshellir cave in Hellisland. Personally, I think it would be an unique experience to travel around Iceland.

While Giving The Gettysburg Address On November 19, 1863 There Were Th

While giving the Gettysburg Address on November 19, 1863 there were three major factors that helped Abraham Lincoln to convey his message that all men are created equal and should be so treated. Those three major factors were the audience, his attitude while giving the address, and the techniques that he used while giving the address at Gettysburg. One of the reasons why Abraham Lincoln's Address was so effective was in part due to the audience to whom he spoke. He was speaking in front of mostly white males from the North, who had either the same or similar beliefs as President Lincoln had, which pertained to slavery. This audience helped Mr. Lincoln address not only the audience before him, but also the entire nation. The audience also contributed to his attitude by making him more comfortable. Abraham Lincoln's attitude while giving his Gettysburg Address was calm, but dedicated, and he was trying to convince the audience that all men are created equal. All men. His attitude captured the audience. They believed in what Abraham Lincoln was saying. He spoke to them, in a way, which almost demanded that they keep fighting to end slavery. His attitude was made stronger by the techniques that he used while addressing Gettysburg. The techniques Abraham Lincoln used while giving the Gettysburg Address included the usage of strong, powerful words. It also included alliteration, and even metaphors. He used words like "consecrate," "nobly," and "vain." The usage of alliteration also helped to convey his message, especially when he said, "that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion ? that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain ? that this nation under God, shall have a new birth of freedom ? and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the Earth." He used "the battlefield" as a way of speaking about the injustice of slavery. So by using strong powerful words, using alliteration, and by using metaphors, Abraham Lincoln was able to convey his message, that all men are created equal. Thus by having the right audience, the "right" attitude, and the techniques that he used, Abraham Lincoln was able to convey his message that all men are created equal.

analysis of ethan frome essays

analysis of ethan frome essays Ethan Frome is a story of ill-fated love, set during the winter in the rural New England town of Starkfield. Ethan is a farmer who is married to a sickly woman named Zeena. The two live in trapped, unspoken resentment on Ethan's isolated and failing farm. Ethan has been caring for his wife for six years now. Due to Zeena's numerous ailments they employ her cousin, the animated Mattie Silver, to help in the house. With Mattie's youthful presence and attitude in the house, Ethans bitterness of his youth's lost opportunities and the dissatisfaction with his life and empty marriage are reawaken. This resentment leads to Ethan and Mattie in turn, falling in love. However, they never follow their love due to Ethan's morals and the respect he has for his marriage to Zeena. Ethan eagerly awaits the nights when he is able to walk Mattie home from the town dances. He cherishes the ground she walks on and would do anything for her. After a visit to the doctor, Zeena is told that she needs more appreciable hired help. Thus, she decides to send her incompetent cousin away and hire a new one. Ethan and Mattie are desperate to stay together. However, Ethan's lack of financial means and Zeenas health are the deciding factors that will never allow him to leave Starkfield to be with his love. When the two are unable to find any plausible solutions to this issue, Ethan and Mattie decide to commit suicide by sledding into a tree. They figure it is the only way they can be together. The attempt fails, and the two are left paralyzed. Now Ethan's wife must care for the two for the rest of their lives. There were many themes found in Ethan Frome, but the greatest of them all is loneliness and isolation. In college Ethan acquired the nickname "Old Stiff" because he rarely went out with the boys. Once he returned to the farm to care for his parents, he couldn't go out wi ...

U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) Essay

U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) - Essay Example For a new employer who currently has no international ventures, and would like to go international, there are several key factors that require their attention. Such factors include the availability of adequate financial resources, human and social capital. In additional, for a new employer to get focused internationally, there is the first need to go through the domestic market entry barriers and gather the opportunities that lead to higher purchasing power of consumers from the developed economies. The employer must also carry out market analysis to ensure that it has fully engaged the domestic market enough before moving to the international market. It goes without saying that one major factor that would push an employer to the international market would be the availability of adequate financial resources. Such resources will be necessary for the creation of new offices in the countries where the business would decide to venture in. There is also this aspect of hiring the human capital that would perform the various duties in the business. The financial resources, apart from aiding in acquiring offices, will also be necessary for setting up the operational structures and activities of the company in the new areas. The company will also have to invest in the social capital to be sure that its investment get enough market in the public sphere through good social relations. In deciding to pursue international business, the main determining factors include economic, environmental, market and competitive factors. The market forces will determine the receptivity of the customers to a global product. When the consumers are more receptive to the product, the business is set to go global. However, if the consumers are less receptive to the product, the business is not yet ready to go global and the best thing to do is to do enough marketing to increase its receptivity. Economic factors

Discussion 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Discussion 2 - Essay Example Such claims are useful in the development of evaluation and management services. A second section of the website is the evaluation and management services guide. It contains updated information as per the date of December 2010. This part provides educational information appertaining the processes of evaluation and management. The section is resourceful in the sense that it provides specific information regarding such processes as medical record documentation, coding considerations, guidelines for management services as contained in the details of 1997, and specific details on billing. The information is also important in the manner in which it provides specific updates as occurred in the year 1995 and 2010. The use of this information on the website can enrich the service offered in time of patient encounter through systematic and procedural methodologies. The site also features tutorial materials for the clients with information on signing into some of the products offered. Deciding on the correct form of E&M code is a task that is dependent on matching the features and the needs. The websites provides a range of services that are tailored to specific tasks. It helps in decision making through the clarification and simplification of information in an orderly and systematic

Strategic Planning Model Case Study: Apple

Strategic Planning Model Case Study: Apple The computer industry is mainly taken by many companies and among these there are some of the most competitive ones, namely, Microsoft, Apple, Dell amongst others. Apple Corporation was founded in 1976 in a garage in Santa Clara, California. The two founders of Apple, namely, Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs who were drop outs of college wanted at that time to provide computer users with something new and user-friendly to the market. The two Steves work together to produce some of the famous computers at times, namely the Apple 1, then after its launch, they came up with the Apple II, then Apple III. During their computer era, Steve Jobs and Wozniak came up with the computer called Lisa in 1983, Apple continued to its revolution in the computer world during the 1980s .In 1983, Steve Wozniak left the company and John Scully was hired by Steve Jobs as the President of the company. Apple continued to innovate and brought into the market new products, such as the Macintosh with the Graphic user interface (GUI) in 1984. In 1985, Steve Jobs left the company and John Scully was appointed as the new CEO. By the late 1980s, Apple faced big competitions from Microsoft, Which made Apples share to decrease drastically and forced John Scully out. In 1997, Gilbert Amelio was appointed as the new CEO and under his management, Apple, bought NextStep, and with its operating system, Apple made huge improvement and got back on the track. Steve Jobs was taken back in Apple in 1996, when the deal was officialised to buy NextStep Company. Jobs was reappointed as the current CEO when shareholders lost confidence in Mr Amelio. Jobs brought back many changes in Apple which has change its future in the company. Some examples are, In 2000, Apple presented the ibook, iMac and came up with the Ipod 2003 and lately, the iPhone was launched followed by the Mac book in 2009 and in 2010, the iPad was created. Apple is an American multinational corporation that designs and manufactures consumer electronics, computers software, personal computers. The companys best known hardware products include the Macintosh computers, the ipod, the iphone and the ipad. Apple software includes the Mac OSX operating system, the itunes media browser amongst others. Apple operates in around 284 retail stores and has an online store where, hardware and software products are sold. In 2010, Apple was recognised as the most technological company in the world. MISSION AND VISION STATEMENT Apple[1] Apples motto, Think Differently, is a concept that the company is doing very well by constantly innovating that continues to define the world of computer design. Other computer manufacturers have attempted for decades to replicate the icon classic appeal of Apple design, but none have succeeded in the manner of Apple. Apple mission is to produce high quality, low cost, easy to use products that incorporate high technology for the individual. We are proving that high technology does not have to be intimidating for the non computer experts METHODOLOGY The authors primary research was done by attending a series of Strategic Planning and implementation, which were given by Mr Bruno Alba, lecturer, London School of Management and Science The secondary research has been undertaken in order to gain extensive knowledge, from range of publications and news papers and by facts available on the internet. CHAPTER 1 STRATEGIC PLANNING MODEL FOR APPLE-IPAD The relative importance of a strategic plan for APPLE Corporation. The general idea of the strategic planning is based on the strategy development processes which are described below: 1. Intended Strategy Development: The intended strategy development comprises of some tool or frameworks that are being used by the managers of an organisation for the formulation of strategic analysis and evaluation and these factors are being used as well by managers for strategic planning purposes. 2. Strategic Planning Systems A strategic plan is set out to develop or coordinate the organisations strategy. According to some studies conducted by Rob Grant, the strategic planning is done in accordance to some process which is as follows: 2.1 Initial guidelines The strategic plan will depend upon some guidelines about the external environment. 2.2 Business level Planning This is where the business units or divisions draw up strategic plans to present to the corporate centre who will in turn discuss with the business managers and then decisions will be agreed at a certain point in time. 2.3 Corporate planning level The corporate plan will be the aggregation of the business plans. This coordination may be undertaken by a corporate planning department and then the corporate board will approve the corporate plan. 2.4 Financial and strategic targets These are aspects about the basis for performance monitoring of businesses key strategic priorities based on the plan. (Gerry Johnson et al.., 2009) Apple has come up with many new products during its existence and is continuing to innovate within the computer and technology industry. The ipad is the latest product that Apple has launched and it has done this to sustain growth and keep pace with the innovation world. Therefore, we can deduce, that the Ipad is part of the technology push, i.e, Apple, launching the product and partly, market pull whereby, launching a product according to market demand. The strategy for Apple was firstly, to be able to bring a new product, which was the new version of the product iphone in order to attain customers needs specifically the businessmen and journalists. However, there is an open demand, for the students and retired workers. Apples main competitor such as Amazon.com has brought into the market, the Kindle, with which now users can buy and access online books for reading instead of buying them physically. On the other hand, the strategy of Apple was to adapt the same concept of Amazon and use it in a different way to create another version which was the ibooks and which led Apple to create as well its online bookstore. THE IPAD hero_20100430[1] The iPad is regarded as a high value product that Apple is offering to their users. Apple vision was to win over the market of Smartphones users and laptops. The ipad, is a tablet computer, designed and made by Apple for internet browsing, media consumption, gaming and light content creation amongst many others. The ipad was launched in April 2010 and has the option of using the WIFI system of 3G date connection to browse the internet, load and stream media amongst many others. Apple developed the ipad with an improved functionality of the iphone. It also come with several applications such as the safari, mail, photos, video, you tube, ipods and itunes amongst many others. (http://apple-listing.com, http://enwikipedia.org/wiki/ipad) Below are some pictures of the latest IPADS: 220px-Steve_Jobs_with_the_Apple_iPad_no_logo[1] 220px-Apple_iPad_Event02[1] CHAPTER 2 CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS OF APPLE APPLE SUCCESSFUL FACTOR The critical success factors are those factors which determine the success or failure of a company. According to Steve Jobs the CEO of Apple Inc, the company needs nine success factors out of which six are already in place as felt by the company that is what they already mastered and the other three as what they are still working on. Mastered Factors Concept. Apples is selling billions of dollars of product and theyre extending into the digital hub. New Product Pipeline. Apple is an innovative company. They have over 2,000 employees in their engineering groups who work towards developing high quality new products such as the ipods, iphone and now the ipad. Financing. Apple has the necessary financing with over $4 billion in the bank to carry out their operations. Marketing/Brand Names. Apple spends hundred million a year on advertising and has one of the most recognizable name brands in the world. Supply Chain Management. Apple is one of the best companies in the world at supply chain management and logistics, and they know how to extend into retail. Their retail stores are viewed as extra warehouses in the current system, so there is one supply chain group for the whole company. Information Systems. Apple has already built an IS system for its stores on top of its global ISP system. (www.apple.com) Less Experience factors However, there were three success factors at which Apple had no or less previous experience: real estate, store design, and store operation. Regarding real estate, Apple knew that the old adage of location, location, location was on target and the company realized that destination locations such as Best Buy and Office Depot wont work for the 95% of non-Mac computer users. Theyve got to ambush that 95% by being where theyre already at, by locating in high-traffic gathering places, such as malls, hip streets, and the new lifestyle centres, such as coffee shops, Jobs said. Were going to put our Apple stores in top tier locations. As for Store Design, Apple wanted a concept that would fit the needs of its customers and would showcase its products, but which would also be flexible enough for change and growth. To come up with the best concept, Apple actually built a prototype in a Warehouse. The result, according to Jobs is a solutions-focused store. When it comes to Store Operations, Apple realized it had to deliver a fantastic experience, the CEO said. That meant the right stores at the right place with great merchandise, incredible employees, and operational excellence, according to Ron Johnson, Apples new senior vice president of retailing. (www.apple.com) CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS OF THE ORGANISATION AND ITS EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT Strategic planning is an important factor in determining success and many methods can be used, such as the SWOT analysis, the PESTEL analysis, and the STEER analysis amongst many others. Some of the external factors will be discussed this chapter, Our analysis is based on the Porters Five forces and SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis will determine the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of APPLE. Firstly, some of the strengths of Apple are: Apple is one of the oldest hardware manufacturers and this give Apple a competitive edge over its competitors. It has control over the product it is making and their quality is optimum. It has products such as the iphones, ipods, laptops, which are easy to carry. It has a loyalty brand, i.e., users are still loyal to its products. Finally, Apple has a very strong RD department, which spend time and resources in the development of new and existing products. Secondly, some of the weaknesses of Apple are: Apple market share is far behind competitor Microsoft. The products are quite expensive Apple has also complaints from customers. Therefore, causing the companys reputation and image to be spoiled. Thirdly, we can look at the different opportunities of Apple which are: Apple is looking to get into new and less expensive products lines and produce quality products. It has a flexibility to its users Apples ipods products are now being used in new designed car models , therefore increasing the demand of the ipod Finally, the online sales are increasing and Apple are targeting new segments of the market. Lastly, we can look at the different threats of Apple which are: There is the pressure from competitors and the users are going for other products from other manufacturers. Technology is changing at a rapid rate thus Apple has to create products that will keep pace with the technology growth, such as the ipads. Competitors launching products such as Microsoft with vista and windows 7,all this making Apple to bring new products to sustain growth. Porter Five Forces Analysis on Apple i-pad Bargaining power of Buyers Apple is well known as an innovative company and there is a high demand for their products. Though buyers find many substitutes in the market for Apple products, they still attract to it because of the brand name and the uniqueness of its products which makes Apple a very profitable company. However regarding i-pad the buyers are somewhat more powerful. Somehow there will be alternatives for the i-pad in near future. Because of the relatively high price of the i-pad, it is a question whether the buyers will pay a premium for the brand reputation of Apple and its technology when their needs may be equally met by cheaper alternatives. Bargaining power of Suppliers Apple is mainly concentrated on design and marketing and they outsource the manufacturing of most of their products. Therefore it can be affected by the pricing of suppliers and costs because of the availability of raw materials. And also changes in minimum wage for labours can have effects on Apple. But due to the strong demand for apple products it has more power over its suppliers. Regarding i-pad even Apple outsource the parts which use to manufacture the i-pad, the software is the unique factor that brings all those parts together. Therefore the parts themselves are not that important as they as are readily available form many sources. Therefore in that case also Apple has more power over its suppliers. Threat of New Entrants Apple had many barriers to entry in the development of the i-pad but at the same time they must worry about the potential competitors like Google and Microsoft who are conquering as well. Economies of scale- As Apple already had experience in manufacturing mass market consumer electronic devices which also share components of the i-pad; Apple is not badly affected by this barrier. Product Differentiation- As the i-pad is significantly different than its competitors; overall this characteristic has positive effects on Apple. And also Apple has a certain amount of protection through the strength of its brand identity. But this product differentiation can be imitated to a certain amount by its competitors. Capital Requirement- regarding capital requirement, Apple enjoys a slight advantage. To compete with the i-pad effectively, competitors will have to invest immensely in certain areas. Cost disadvantages- Apple is able to reduce the impact of this threat as it has a number of manufacturing resources and channels available. But the new entrants may find these barriers as they have not got these resources. And also apple has invested a lot in knowledge and experience which will take time for its competitors to reach. Government policies- Apple was granted the ownership of patent for the i-phone and i-pad, which will give them, short term monopoly rights on some of its technology. It will stop their competitors imitating the product too closely. Threat of Substitutes Apple has been granted patent to the i-pad and its technology. However it is still likely that competitors in the market will soon deliver similar products. Most of the threats are going to come from the established players in the technology industry like HP and Sony and from potential competitors like Google and Microsoft. Competitive Rivalry Apple is mainly concentrated on design and marketing and is fairly vertically integrated towards customers. They do most of their business in their retail locations and on line stores. Because of this concentration on the customers and also as it is better equipped, Apple is able to compete with horizontal players like HP or Sony who are not as vertically integrated towards the consumers. It gives Apple an opportunity to create customer focused products which many of none vertically integrated players are not so good at. (http://www.csribd.com/doc/16788046/appleporters-five-force) CHAPTER 4 STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES AND OPTIONS OF APPLE STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES: Apple has a particular status; it doesnt have a listed set of objectives. All through our research, our group acknowledges that Apple always struggle to launch a new product in the market. Based on the executive overview of Apples report 2010 we can come out with a strategic objectives for their product named I pad. -To be the king of high-tech of Wall-Street -Increase their market value (get on over Microsoft), have over  £151 billion of market value. I pad is designed as a new generation of technology which to take over e-book and personal computer. That is to dethrone Microsoft at the king of high-tech By innovating in hardware which come obviously with its software, Apple compete with Microsoft who have a urge dominance on personal computer software, the launch of the Ipad announce the decline of the lap top computer. ( www.apple.com) Strategic options For an organization to have good success there is a need of having good strategic options. Strategic options are creative action-oriented responses to the external situation that an organization faces. Strategic options take advantage of facts and actors, trends, opportunities and threat of the outside world. It helps to identify and make a preliminary screening of alternative strategic options or perspectives. Strategic options for Apple iPad is to provide their clients with thorough and reliable information that may help enhance even the knowledge and skills. By doing so customers are able to page through websites, write emails, and flick through photos or watch movie, all on a big beautifully multi-touch screen. Another strategy is to have a continuous leap in technological advancements and a new or upgraded offering on average every six months. In order to have good strategies the apple company thought of what might give a continued competitive advantage and what markets should they enter and how. Which strategic options optimally fit the needs of the target group, the institutional options and aspiration of the stake holders, what supportive interventions are required to succeed in that option and threats? Apple on its product iPad focused on customer experience, they made a product which has no need of mouse, a keyboard configuration screens, and other advanced options such as touch screen. Strategic options help to make the vision into reality. SWOT analysis helps to get a better understanding of the strategic choices that company need. Strategy is the art of determining how one will win in business and life. It helps to make the most of companys strength circumvent their weaknesses, Capitalize on your opportunities and manage their threats. CONCLUSION Though Apples strategic model cannot be said, to be distinct, they are poised on taking Amazon and Microsoft head on. Their new products for example, ipad, suggests to be a real one in all product for the consumers. Apple success factors suggest that they have the ability and capability to become the market leaders. The major success factor being innovation. Behind their ability to innovate its strong research and development department. The latest product of Apple, the Ipad, however targeted on, the retired people and journalists, has received acceptance from the youth, students and the rest of the population giving Apple, a grab of the market. REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAGHY Exploring corporate strategy, 8th edition, Gerry Johnson et al.. http://www.csribd.com/doc/16788046/appleporters-five-force http://www.samples-help-org.uk/mission-statements/apple.computer-mission-statement http://apple-listing.com http://dudye.com/sneaking-intro-ipad http://enwikipedia.org/wiki/ipad http://www.apple.com

The Concert Experience and the Song as Oral Tradition :: Communication Literature Essays

The Concert Experience and the Song as Oral Tradition Before the invention of written language that enabled the creation of book technology, the spoken word was the leading edge of communication. Spoken epic poetry such as the Iliad and Odyssey, the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf, and the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh was the content of the speech medium. These epics were created as spoken pieces, and because listeners lacked an alphabet to commodify them (separate them from their performance), the tales had to be heard and experienced first-hand. This group experience of the spoken epic involves what authors Hobart and Schiffman term commemoration: â€Å"In the world before writing, memory is the social act of remembering† (15). The way pre-literate media (speech) shaped culture includes this commemorative act. Pre-literate cultures had no other way of storing information and memory than to relive it. They could not write something down, forget about it, and then relearn the same information at a later date by reading it, because they lacked the technology of the written alphabet necessary to do so. Of course, they had the recollecting powers of the mind alone, but as today's stories, passed from one person to the next inevitably change, so did oral communications as human recollection failed in terms of an exact repetition of the original performance. Hence, each time listeners heard a spoken account of the Iliad, it changed a bit. In terms of an exceptional pre-literate performer of the Iliad or Odyssey, Rober t Fitzgerald goes as far as to say that "He inherited a traditional art comparable in range and refinement to the art of the musical virtuoso in our day, but more creative and fluid, for in some degree it remained an art of improvisation" (484). Mnemonic devices such as rhyme and meter aided memory and kept the story on track (Hobart & Schiffman, 24), and as McLuhan would agree, can be counted as technological advances prior to the invention of alphabet because they extend language technology. An analog to the spoken epic experience is the modern-day concert experience. Both are examples of live performance. For an example, the Rolling Stones' song "Sympathy for the Devil" is more like a spoken epic than a written account of an epic. This is because song and spoken epic utilize the same medium.

Burroughs Wellcome Company Essay

In 1982, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP) labeled the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and began to warn the public of the disease. In 1983 and 1984, the virus that causes AIDS was isolated and in 1988 it was named the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Burroughs Wellcome Company is a subsidiary of Wellcome PLC. Wellcome PLC is a pharmaceutical firm that employs 20,000 people in 18 countries. Wellcome PLC produces both ethical and over the counter medication. Zovirax, which treats herpes infections, accounted for $492 million in sales in 1989 (Kerin & Peterson, 2013). Retrovir, an AIDS treatment, was the second largest seller with $225 million in sales (Kerin & Peterson, 2013). Wellcome PLC also produces over-the-counter Actifed and Sudafed with $253 million in sales in 1989 (Kerin & Peterson, 2013). In 1981, there were 305 reported cases of AIDS, and by 1989 there were 35,198 reported cases of AIDS with numbers expected to continue to rise, although at a much slower rate (Kerin & Peterson, 2013). The majority of victims, almost 90%, were gay men or intravenous drug users, and almost one half of reported cases were in major metropolitan areas, such as San Francisco, Los Angeles, Houston, and New York. Not enough was known about the disease in the early 80’s to create a reliable way to predict its’ rate of growth. Economically, treating AIDS patients was proving to be very expensive, averaging between $70,000 and $141,000 per patient according to a 1987 study by the RAND Corporation (Kerin & Peterson, 2013). Treating some forms of cancer averaged less than half of that cost. Since the income level of many AIDS patients was low, Medicaid covered treatment costs for approximately 40% of the patients, resulting in an Burroughs Wellcome Company,   estimated annual cost to the Medicaid system of between $700 and $750 million in 1988 (Kerin & Peterson, 2013).  Several pharmaceutical companies, including Burroughs Wellcome, were in the  race to produce an effective drug to combat HIV and AIDS. Burroughs Wellcome began research in 1984, developed Retrovir and began clinical trials on humans in 1985 (Kerin & Peterson, 2013). The FDA cleared Burroughs to market Retrovir in 1987, as the first and only authorized treatment for AIDS. Bristol Myers developed a drug called DDI, which appeared to slow the progress of the AIDS virus and lessen the damage it causes (Kerin & Peterson, 2013). Hoffman-LaRoche developed a similar drug called DDC that began clinical trials in 1989 (Kerin & Peterson, 2013). As soon as Burroughs Wellcome was given the authority to market Retrovir in March of 1987, public protests began regarding the perceived high price of the drug. Wholesale price for Retrovir was set at $188 for one hundred 100-mg capsules. The recommended dosage was twelve 100-milligram capsules per day. The average annual treatment for an AIDS patients on Retrovir averaged approximately $8,528-$9,745 (Kerin & Peterson, 2013). The public, media, and advocacy groups compared the price of Retrovir to the cancer drug Interferon. The annual cost to a patient taking Interferon was only $5,000. In December of 1987, due to increased pressure, Burroughs Wellcome, reduced the price of Retrovir by 20%, and again by 20% in September of 1989 (Kerin & Peterson, 2013). The first price reduction was due to a cost savings in the production of synthetically manufactured thymidine while the second was due to an increase in potential patients. By 1989 sales had increased from $24.8 million in 1987 to $2 25.1 million (Kerin & Peterson, 2013). As postulated by industry analysts, the direct cost of research and development (R&D) for Retrovir was estimated at $50 million. Burroughs Wellcome spent an additional $30-50 million in indirect costs to establish a new plant and equipment to produce Retrovir (Kerin & Peterson, 2013). They also donated $10 million worth of Retrovir to 4,500 AIDS patients. Pharmaceutical R&D of a new drug in the US averages around $125 million, so with direct and indirect cost to develop Retrovir was on the low side. Prior to Retrovir, Burroughs Wellcome had spent a reported $726 million for R&D in  the previous five years without producing a single commercial winner (Kerin & Peterson, 2013). Retrovir was designated as an â€Å"orphan drug† in 1985 under the Orphan Drug Act of 1983. This enabled Burroughs Wellcome to gain marketing exclusivity for a sevenyear period after its initial introduction. When Burroughs Wellcome was faced with the task of pricing Retrovir they had to account for many factors. They had to consider the demand for Retrovir. Since they were developing a drug for a fairly new disease, with relatively few patients, they had no way to predict what the demand would be in the next five years. They had to recoup their cost with the known numbers of AIDS in 1987, which were still fairly low. Burroughs Wellcome had to take into account both the direct and indirect cost spent on the R&D of Retrovir that totaled approximately $100 million. With an unknown market and $100 million to recoup they had to price Retrovir fairly high at the beginning. Looming competition was another important aspect for Burroughs Wellcome. They knew other pharmaceutical compan ies were researching drugs to treat AIDS and analysts believed there would be one or more of these drugs on the market by 1991 (Kerin & Peterson, 2013). Burroughs Wellcome still had an ethical obligation to maintain fair pricing while trying to recoup their cost, as well as having an existing obligation to its employees, shareholders, and stakeholders. Most importantly however, is their responsibility to patients that rely on Burroughs Wellcome’s products for their health and well-being With an increasing number of AIDS cases, Burroughs Wellcome had a social and financial responsibility to make the drug Retrovir accessible to those who needed it, while remaining financially viable. It would be socially irresponsible to exploit people with an illness for mass profit gains. Like most other industries, the health care industry is competitive and no business is immune to failure. Because of this, Burroughs Wellcome must remain profitable in order to protect its employees and shareholders as well as to ensure that the company  can continue its research while providing the medical community with effective medicine. As previously mentioned, Burroughs had dropped the price of Retrovir twice: first on December 15, 1987 when a price drop of 20% was justified by synthetically produced thymidine and a second 20% cut due to a further expansion of HIV from 600,000 to one million estimated potential patients, at which point Burroughs’ gross profit margin (70.6%) and return on sales (20%) were comparable to other competitors in the industry (Kerin & Peterson, 2013). When pressured by outside entities about further reducing the price, Sir Alfred Shepard of the Board of Directors said, † There is no plan for another price cut† (Kerin & Peterson, 2013). As a result of this balance between sustainability, profitability, and social responsibility, it was important that Burroughs Wellcome maintained its margins and success, but continued to remain sensitive to price concerns. Furthermore, it would benefit both Burroughs and patients in need of the drug, if  insurance companies provided ade quate coverage on the drug Retrovir, as private insurance companies only covered $250 million annually compared to the $750 million covered by Medicaid (Kerin & Peterson, 2013). In January of 1990, congressional lobbyists began campaigning to reduce excessive profits in the drug industry. This set off a new round of pressure from the U.S. Congress, the media, and AIDS advocacy groups to again reduce the price of Retrovir. In 1987 sales of Retrovir were $24.8 million and net profit before tax was $8 million. Considering the $100 million dollar investment for the development, as well as new plant and equipment, the Return on Investment (ROI) was only 8%; meaning they only recovered about 8% of their initial investment for Retrovir. By fiscal year 1988 the ROI for Retrovir had increased to 52% but the initial investment had still not been recovered. In the five years prior to the sale of Retrovir, Burroughs Wellcome as a whole spent $726 million in R&D with no significant new drug.  The ROI for Retrovir was still less than the company as a whole when considering the investment in R&D. See figure 1 Figure 1 According to Industry analysts it was estimated that the cost of Retrovir was between 30 and 50 cents per capsule (Kerin & Peterson, 2013). Using 40 cents for estimates, it can be determined that in 1987 when the drug first became available for sale the return on sales (ROS) was 28%. Realistically, the cost was probably more towards  the 50 cent per capsule higher end, as producing the AZT required a biological chemical harvested from herring sperm and took months and over 20 chemical reactions to produce (Kerin & Peterson, 2013). Using the high-end estimate the ROS in 1989 was only 23.3%. This is very close to the 23.5% ROS industry average. By 1989 the price of Retrovir had been reduced by 20% twice. Burroughs Wellcome stated the first price reduction in December of 1987 was due to a synthetically manufactured Thymidine becoming available. At this time, ROS was 23.0% using the 40 cent COGS estimate. Due to public pressure for an affordable AIDS treatment Burroughs Wellcome reduced its price again by 20% in September of 1989. At the 40 cent estimated cost this reduced the ROS to16.4%. Even using the low 30 cent estimate the ROA was only 24% which was is still very comparable to the 23.5% industry average. Burroughs Wellcome overall company ROS in 1989, while they were selling Retrovir at the $1.20 price per 100mg, was only 20%, which is over 3% lower than the industry average. Continued pressure to reduce the price again is not warranted. The figures show that to reduce the price another 20% would show at best a low 18% ROS and a possible negative ROS. Comparing Burroughs Wellcome to 1989 industry average shows all their current  ratios are well within what is normal for the industry. They are not the highest or the lowest of Return on Sales, Return on Assets, or Return on Equity. Burroughs Wellcome has two choices at this point. Do not reduce the price or reduce the price. The advantage of not reducing the price is the ability to maintain their current ratios that will allow them to continue their R&D for new drugs. The disadvantage of not reducing price is dealing with the public, media, Congress, and advocacy groups that may continue to increase pressure on Burroughs Wellcome and create further negative publicity. The advantages of reducing the price would be the reduced pressure from the groups mentioned before and the claim of being ethically responsible. The disadvantage of reducing the price would be losing the current ratios. They take the chance to lose profit margin therefore lose some ability to develop new drugs. Although there is public unrest in regards to the price of Retrovir we do not recommend Burroughs Wellcome reduce the price further. Reducing the price of Retrovir without another new drug would further reduce their current ratios, which are all within industry averages. Drug companies need profits as incentive to continue their  research. Especially when there is the very real possibility of going several years without the discovery and approval of a new drug. Although, on the surface, it seems very unfair for a patient to have to spend close to $10,000 per year for treatment, it would be far worse if they didn’t have the treatment as an option at all. Drug companies such as Burroughs Wellcome would avoid trying to develop â€Å"orphan drugs† if they had no chance of recovering cost. This is why government offers subsidies, tax benefits, and grants extending patents for drugs that qualify. In 1989 there were only 35,189 reported cases of AIDS in America and due to prevention awareness and HIV treatments, AID’s numbers were leveling off. Drug companies are taking a  huge risk investing millions of dollars in cures and treatments for rare diseases. In part, the cost for â€Å"orphan drugs† is so high because so few people are consumers of them. While it would be socially conscious for Burroughs Wellcome to drop the price further, they have to remain a viable company. Profits will ensure the financial future of the company as well as all the shareholders and stakeholders of the company. Maintaining the ROI percentages will allow Burroughs to remain viable and competitive allowing them to continue to develop new drugs that may provide further benefit. If they were to drop their prices it would be benefit public relations as they put the needs of the consumers before profits, however in such a competitive environment this could prove to be to a liability in the pharmaceutical industry, therefore, it is advisable that they do not drop their price by another 20%. References Kerin, R.A & Peterson, R.A. (2003) Strategic Marketing Problems: Cases and Comments England: Pearson Education Limited

Modern Day Slavery Essay - 1039 Words

Mason Moran Mrs. Davis Government Period 9 February 14, 2013 Research Project: Human Trafficking â€Å"Modern Day Slavery† â€Å"SLAVERY was abolished 150 years ago, right? While it is true that slavery is illegal almost everywhere on earth, the fact is there are more slaves today than there ever were†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Despite the grim reality described in this quote, I believe Robert Alan successfully undermines a common misconception held by Americans, both young and old. Although we are brought up thinking that Abraham Lincoln with his Emancipation Proclamation along with the Civil War Amendments brought an end to the enemy known as slavery, in today’s society, however, that is sadly not the case. The harsh reality is that this problem never truly†¦show more content†¦Consequently, it is difficult to say where trafficking first originated. There are several arguments in circulation which speculate as to when and where trafficking first began. 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